Investors were parsing through the latest corporate results and awaiting the Federal Reserve’s latest pronouncement on the nation’s economy.

The Dow Jones industrial average (INDU) rose 37 points, or 0.3%, hitting its highest intraday level since June 20, 2008.

DuPont (DD, Fortune 500) and Alcoa (AA, Fortune 500) led the Dow higher, while Boeing (BA, Fortune 500) was the biggest decliner. The aerospace and defense giant’s revenue and outlook disappointed — pushing shares of the company down 3.8%.

Read more at CNNMoney

RELATED:

Dow Jones Tag

NEW YORK — The stock market has had one of its most turbulent days ever. The Dow Jones industrials plunged nearly 1,000 points in half an hour amid concerns that Greece’s debt problems could halt the world financial recovery.

The Dow has managed to recover two-thirds of its losses and close down 347 at 10,520. But all the major indexes lost 3 percent in a day that recalled the market turmoil of the 2008 financial crisis.

There were reports that a technical glitch hastened the selling. Even so emotions are running high. Traders are concerned that Greece’s economic problems will hurt other European countries and ultimately, the U.S. recovery.

Text continues after gallery …

The Standard & Poor’s 500 index is off 37 at 1,128. The Nasdaq composite index is off 82 at 2,319.

Only 173 stocks rose on the New York Stock Exchange while 3,002 fell. Volume came to an extremely heavy 2.57 billion shares.

RELATED STORIES

Dow Tumbles 514 On Earnings Forecast Worries

Dow Falls 170 Points as Sharp Swings Continue on Wall St.

The market managed to briefly bounce off its lows of the day after a media report that a BlackRock executive said a $30 billion Bear Stearns mortgage portfolio
could be worth more than its market value suggests. And in another
promising sign for mortgages, the government and the mortgage industry
announced the largest moves yet to help homeowners renegotiate hundreds
of thousands of delinquent loans held by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

But
the market sold off again in late afternoon, acknowledging that
although the mortgage crisis that spawned the current downturn is being
addressed, the economy remains extremely troubled.

It’s
becoming clear that it’s going to be hard to rely on the average
consumer to pull the economy out of its downturn. Late Monday, Starbucks Corp.
reported lower sales across the coffee chain, and early Tuesday, Toll
Brothers Inc. posted a sharp drop in revenue and said it was too
difficult to predict what the luxury homebuilder’s profit would be next
year.

Investors are also jittery as the
nation’s feeble automakers try to get a bailout from the federal
government, much like the ailing insurer American International Group Inc. has. General Motors Corp.,
whose shares have plunged to 60-year lows, said late Monday it would
cut 1,900 factory jobs on top of the 3,600 cuts it announced Friday.

There were no economic reports released Tuesday, since the government and bond markets
were closed for Veterans Day. But investors didn’t need government data
to see that the economy’s downward slide isn’t over — the litany of
troubling corporate news was enough. Wall Street has been anticipating grim results from corporate America, but it cannot gauge yet how bad they could get.

“We’re in a situation where we really don’t know how deep a recession we’re in,” said Jim Herrick, manager of equity trading
at Baird & Co. “Until there’s some clarity on the economy and
clarity with earnings, we’ll definitely be stuck in this trading range.”

Herrick
referred to the fact that the market has been giving back gains
recently — including a 248-point advance last Friday — as it tries to
recover from October’s heavy selling. In a similar fashion, the market
pared nearly all of its losses on the report that BlackRock President
Robert Kapito said a Bear Stearns mortgage portfolio is generating cash flow, but then quickly sank again.

In late afternoon trading, the Dow Jones industrial average
shed 212.34, or 2.39 percent, to 8,658.20 after falling by more than
300. The blue chip index has not dipped below the 8,000 mark in trading
since Oct. 10, but is down about 35 percent since the start of the year.

Broader stock indicators declined as well. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 25.80, or 2.81 percent, to 893.41; and the Nasdaq composite index dropped 45.77, or 2.83 percent, to 1570.97.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies fell 9.48, or 1.92 percent, to 483.62.

Wall Street had another astounding advance Tuesday, with the Dow Jones industrials soaring nearly 900 points in their second-largest point gain ever as late-day bargain hunters stormed into the market. The Dow and the Standard & Poor’s 500 index were each up nearly 11 percent.

There didn’t appear to be any one catalyst for the surge that saw the Dow nearly double its gain in the last hour of trading. Many analysts said investors were grabbing up stocks in the belief that the market had fallen too far in recent sessions; the Dow had dropped 500 points in two days. Some said buying early in the day came from anticipation of an interest rate cut Wednesday by the Federal Reserve, and the market just followed its recent pattern of building on its gains or losses in the last minutes of the session.

“There is nothing fundamental that came out today or yesterday that would take it up or down. We’re all groping for something meaningful to talk about,” said Bob Andres, chief investment strategist at Portfolio Management Consultants. “The market is exhausted from going down.”

But given the relentless volatility in the market — out of 20 trading days this month, there have been only two that didn’t see the Dow close up or down in triple digits — no one expects that the market is now headed higher for good. After Wall Street’s devastating losses that slashed 2,400 points off the Dow in eight sessions, market veterans warned that the recovery would rocky, including huge gains followed by huge declines.

“I don’t think it will be a sustained move,” said Matt King, chief investment officer at Bell Investment Advisors, of Tuesday’s surge.

It was clear that investors wanted to buy — they looked past news of a sharp drop in consumer confidence early in the session. The Conference Board said its index of consumer confidence has fallen to 38 in October, well below the 51 analysts expected.

According to preliminary calculations, the Dow rose 889.35, or 10.88 percent, to 9,065.12. That was its second-largest point gain, coming after the 936 points the Dow jumped on Oct. 13.

The Dow was up 456 points at 3 p.m. and rose as much as 906.31 before edging back.

The gains in the 30 blue chip stocks were stunning — Alcoa Inc. was up 19.25 percent, while Verizon Communications Inc. rose 14.63 percent. Even oil stocks shot higher, withstanding another drop in the price of crude — Exxon Mobil Corp. and Chevron Corp. each rose more than 13 percent.

Broader stock indicators also surged. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index rose 91.59, or 10.79 percent, to 940.51, and the Nasdaq composite index rose 143.57, or 9.53 percent, to 1,649.47.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies rose 34.15, or 7.62 percent, to 482.55.

Advancing issues outnumbered decliners by more than 4 to 1 on the New York Stock Exchange, where volume came to a moderate 1.72 billion shares compared with 1.34 billion shares traded Monday.

“I guess we’re just coming out of this oversold situation. I think you’ve got a lot of players on the sidelines,” said Dan Demming, trader at Stutland Equities in Chicago. “There’s just no one standing in the way right now.”

He contends investors are also anticipating an interest rate cut. The Fed is expected to cut its target fed funds rate by half a point to 1 percent.

Bond prices were mixed as some investors looked for the safety of government debt. The yield on the three-month Treasury bill, regarded as the safest investment around and an indicator of investor sentiment, fell to 0.76 percent from 0.77 percent Monday. The lower yield indicates an increase in demand. Meanwhile, the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note rose to 3.86 percent from 3.69 percent late Monday.

The dollar was mixed against other major currencies, while gold prices fell.

Light, sweet crude settled down 49 cents to settle at $62.73 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange.

Investors worldwide snapped up stocks after posting huge declines Monday on economic worries. Japan’s Nikkei stock average jumped 6.41 percent and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index surged 14.4 percent — its biggest gain in 11 years — a day after plunging more than 12 percent. Britain’s FTSE 100 rose 1.92 percent, Germany’s DAX index jumped 11.3 percent, and France’s CAC-40 rose 1.55 percent.

The disruptions in the normal flow of the credit markets over the past six weeks have produced widespread worries about the economy’s ability to avoid a severe downturn. The evaporation in lending is making it difficult and more expensive for businesses and consumers to get loans.

But Monday saw the start of the Fed’s efforts to revive lending in the commercial paper market, where companies turn for short-term loans. General Electric Co., for example, has said it would borrow money from the government. The Treasury has also begun to implement part of the government’s $700 billion financial bailout plan by investing directly in some banks to give them a much-need source of fresh cash.

The government’s extraordinary moves to help support borrowing and restore market confidence come as unease about the economy has buffeted trading. Some of Wall Street’s gyrations since the mid-September bankruptcy filing of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and the subsequent seizing up of the credit markets are tied to massive selling by hedge funds and mutual funds trying to raise cash for nervous investors.

On Monday stocks fell sharply in the final minutes of the session, with the Dow giving up 200 points. Tuesday’s gain seemed as puzzling to some observers.

“It makes just as much sense as yesterday’s 200 point drop in 10 minutes,” said Arthur Hogan, chief market analyst at Jefferies & Co. He did say, however, that there was a “smattering of good news” that appeared to help boost stocks Tuesday.

One was the dollar’s massive rally against the yen, Hogan said, a signal that the “indiscriminate selling” by hedge funds might be hitting a plateau. Hedge funds often borrow yen to fund investments in higher-yielding currencies; recently, they’ve been forced to sell assets raise cash, so they have been buying back yen and boosting its value. That weighed on global markets on Monday.

The dollar leaped to 97.68 Japanese yen in late New York trading Tuesday from 93.93 yen late Monday.

“Was there enough good news to warrant a 10 percent rally? No,” Hogan said. “But you put things in perspective — this is a rally amidst a very difficult market.”

Wall Street’s jump came as fallout from credit market troubles popped up around the globe. Iceland’s central bank on Tuesday raised its key interest rate by an enormous 6 percentage points to 18 percent. Iceland has seen its currency tumble after its banking sector collapsed this month. Prime minister Geir Haarde said separately on Tuesday that the country will require $4 billion in financial support in addition to the $2 billion loan package announced by the IMF.

Meanwhile, Germany’s foreign minister said Tuesday that Pakistan must secure a loan from the IMF within a week to avoid sliding into a financial crisis.

Corporate profit forecasts, a jump in the dollar and falling oil prices signaled investor fears that an economic slowdown will sweep the globe even if lending begins to approach more normal levels.

The dollar hit multiyear highs against several other major currencies, weighing on commodity prices. That hurt raw materials and energy companies, while giving a boost to airlines. Technology shares fared better than the broader market following quarterly reports from Apple Inc. and Yahoo Inc.

While reduced strains in global credit markets have eased some investors’ nervousness about the economy, market anxiety remains as hundreds of companies this week report third-quarter results and issue somewhat murky forecasts that are stirring unease about the economic bumps that may lay ahead.

Wachovia Corp., which is being bought by Wells Fargo & Co., reported that it swung to a huge loss in the third quarter while the drugmaker Merck & Co. said its quarterly profit fell 28 percent and that it would cut more than 10 percent of its work force.

John Thornton, co-portfolio manager at Stephens Investment Management Group LLC in Houston, said investors’ fear has shifted from the immediate concerns about tightness in credit and the resulting difficulty in borrowing to the broader economy as companies come out with their quarterly numbers.

“Even if it weren’t for the credit crisis we’d probably be looking toward a pretty tough recession anyway,” he said. “The third-quarter earnings are kind of uninspiring but third quarter hasn’t been the real concern of people. I think the concern is the depth and duration of the downturn and the effect it’s going to have on earnings.”

According to preliminary calculations, the Dow fell 514.45, or 5.69 percent, to 8,519.21, after being down as much as 698 points in the final half hour of trading. On Tuesday, the Dow retreated 231 points after forecasts from DuPont Co., Sun Microsystems Inc. and Texas Instruments Inc. raised fears about the economy.

Broader stock indicators also fell Wednesday. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 58.27, or 6.10 percent, to 896.78, and the Nasdaq composite index fell 80.93, or 4.77 percent, to 1,615.75.

A rising wave of optimism lifted Wall Street Monday, propelling the Dow Jones industrials up more than 400 points on more signs of a reviving credit market and support from Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke for further steps to aid the economy. All the major indexes finished with gains of 3 percent or more.

Investors who had sold furiously in recent weeks in response to immobile credit markets became more optimistic as bank-to-bank lending rates eased further. There’s also less demand for ultra-safe Treasury bills, another sign that the credit markets are gradually returning to a healthier state.

The improvement in lending rates helped temper concerns that tight credit will contribute to a prolonged recession, but Bernanke still warned that the economy is likely to be “weak for several quarters, and with some risk of a protracted slowdown.”

But he also told the House Budget Committee that a fresh round of government measures might help ease the country’s economic weakness. There were no details but the White House said it was open to ideas that Congress might put forth.

“The market liked what Bernanke had to say, and there were hints that he’s leaving the door open for further moves in terms of rate cuts or economic stimulus,” said Ryan Larson, head of equity trading at Voyageur Asset Management. “And, with credit easing in slow baby steps, the market has started to realize that this is going to be a process.”

Wall Street was also sifting through the first of hundreds of earnings reports expected this week, seeking clues about future business conditions. Among those reporting, oilfield services provider Halliburton Co. topped estimates, and CEO Dave Lesar told investors and analysts in a conference call, “We expect that any major macroeconomic disruptions will ultimately correct themselves.”

Trading was orderly for much of the day, but the final hour again saw frenetic activity, this time to the upside, with the Dow rising nearly 140 points in the last 25 minutes. The market’s tone was clearly better than during the previous two weeks, when investors’ heightened anxiety about credit markets and the economy sent stocks plunging. The relative calm in Friday’s session, when the Dow fell 127, and Monday’s trading, had more investors feeling confident that the worst of the market’s losses was behind it.

Still, with back-and-forth trading a hallmark during recoveries from plunges in the past, analysts and investors were also expecting that Wall Street would be subject to volatile price swings for some time.

“We don’t have any sense if this kind of a run is sustainable,” said Phil Orlando, chief equity market strategist at Federated Investors. “We’re groping quite literally for a bottom right here, but I’m not going to discount that we won’t retest lows over the next couple of weeks.”

The Dow rose 413.21, or 4.67 percent, to 9,265.43. The blue chips’ gain were in line with a 4.68 percent gain registered Thursday, when the Dow jumped 401 points.

The rally marked the Dow’s 23rd triple-digit move in 26 sessions. Most sessions have brought losses, however, with 11 of the past 14 showing declines.

Broader indexes also rose sharply Monday. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index jumped 44.85, or 4.77 percent, to 985.40. The Nasdaq composite index rose 58.74, or 3.43 percent, to 1,770.03.

Despite the advances of recent sessions, the major indexes remain well below their peaks of a year ago. the Dow is down 34.6 percent, the S&P 500 is down 37 percent and the Nasdaq composite index is off 38.1 percent.

The credit markets were gradually responding to the series of bailout measures by governments around the world, including a joint U.S. and European plan to buy stakes in private banks to boost their lending. Demand for Treasury bills, regarded as the safest assets around, lessened Monday but remained relatively high in a sign that there was still much fear in the markets.

The three-month Treasury bill Monday yielded 1.12 percent, up from 0.82 percent late Friday. That’s better than the 0.20 percent of last Wednesday, and the first time it surpassed 1 percent in more than a week.

Investors were also optimistic about the steady decline in interbank lending rates, which fell for a sixth straight day Monday. The London interbank offered rate, or Libor, for three-month dollar loans fell 0.36 percent to 4.06 percent, the biggest daily drop since January.

The benchmark 10-year Treasury note rose. The yield, which moves opposite its price, fell to 3.87 percent from 3.93 percent late Friday.

Todd Leone, managing director of equity trading at Cowen & Co., said many investors were feeling optimistic that credit is slowly becoming more available. He also believes that Bernanke’s remarks, along with the fact earnings haven’t been dismal, are helping markets move higher.

“People are just getting comfortable with buying again,” said Todd Leone, managing director of equity trading at Cowen & Co. “We still could see another big drop, but those big drops are going to get less and less.”

Investors also received a bit more detail about how Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson plans to roll out a $250 billion plan to recapitalize banks. Paulson said the government will own shares in the banks that should be paid back with a reasonable return, and expects that the investment will eventually make money.

Meanwhile, there were some optimistic data that showed the economy’s health improved for the first time in five months in September as supplier deliveries and new orders strengthened, a private research group said Monday. The New York-based Conference Board said its monthly forecast of future economic activity rose 0.3 percent, a much better reading than the 0.2 percent drop expected by Wall Street economists surveyed by Thomson/IFR.

Light, sweet crude rose $2.40 to settle at $74.25 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Last week, it sank to an almost 16-month low on worries about a deep global recession obliterating fuel demand.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies rose 20.41, or 3.88 percent, to 546.84.

Advancing issues outpaced decliners by about 5 to 1 on the New York Stock Exchange, where consolidated volume came to 5.1 billion shares compared with 6.48 billion shares.

Financial markets overseas also jumped. Japan’s Nikkei stock average closed up 3.59 percent. Britain’s FTSE 100 rose 5.41 percent, Germany’s DAX index advanced 1.12 percent, and France’s CAC-40 rose 3.56 percent.

In midmorning trading, the Dow fell 171.00, or 1.99 percent, to 8,406.91 after falling as much as 250. Broader stock indicators declined in jittery trading. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 20.00, or 2.20 percent, to 887.84, and the Nasdaq composite index fell 26.52, or 1.63 percent, to 1,601.81.

Stocks wavered at the start of trading, seeking a direction after the previous session’s steep dive, then turned sharply lower after a disappointing report on manufacturing. Wednesday’s drop, which took the Dow down 733 points, followed a stream of bad economic news that underscored the likelihood that the country is either in a recession or will be in one — and that the downturn will be severe.

It was clear from Thursday’s trading that the market will continue having extreme reactions to any economic news.

Investors initially appeared cheered by a better-than-expected reading from the Labor Department on consumer prices. The flat reading on September’s Consumer Price Index compares with August’s 0.1 percent decline, which was the first in nearly two years. The core index, which eliminates food and energy prices, rose 0.1 percent. Economists had been expecting CPI would rise to 0.1 percent and that core CPI would increase 0.2 percent. Investors are relieved to see any economic pressures ease on consumers.

Meanwhile, a weekly snapshot of the job market showed that first-time claims for unemployment declined last week. The Labor Department said claims for unemployment benefits fell 16,000 last week to a seasonally adjusted level of 461,000 — below the 475,000 that had been anticipated. Still, total unemployment remains above economists often associate with recession.

But the Philadelphia Federal Reserve said regional manufacturing conditions weakened in October. The bank’s regional index came in at a negative 37.5 compared with a positive 3.8 for September.

Investors also were reviewing Citigroup Inc. third-quarter results. The bank posted its fourth straight quarterly loss due to credit-related troubles and cut another 11,000 jobs. The company said it lost $2.8 billion, in the third quarter compared with a profit of $2.2 billion a year earlier. The loss was narrower than Wall Street had expected. Citigroup fell 90 cents, or 5.5 percent, to $15.33.

Merrill Lynch & Co., which recently agreed to be acquired by Citigroup Inc. rival Bank of America Corp., early Thursday posted a net loss of $5.1 billion. The loss was wider than analyst forecasts. Merrill fell 41 cents, or 2.3 percent, to $17.83.

United Technologies Corp. said its third-quarter earnings rose 6 percent following increased profits at Otis elevator, Sikorsky Aircraft and its other businesses. The manufacturer’s results came in ahead of Wall Street’s forecast and UTC raised the low end of its 2008 profit forecast. UTC fell 44 cents to $48.81.

Because of investors’ great anxiety about the economy, Wall Street is expected to remain extremely volatile, as it has been over the past month since the credit markets began tightening and stocks plunged. The gyrations this week have been particularly intense, with the Dow industrials soaring 936 points Monday and falling 733 Wednesday following a weak report on retail sales and a disheartening assessment of the economy from the Federal Reserve.

In Asian trading, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index lost 4.8 percent, and Japan’s Nikkei index dropped 11.41 percent, following the pattern of trading in the U.S. In afternoon trading in Europe, Britain’s FTSE 100 fell 2.07 percent, Germany’s DAX index fell 1.15 percent, and France‘s CAC-40 fell 2.04 percent.

While the credit markets are performing better than they were last week given several unprecedented actions by governments around the world — including the decision to buy stakes in private banks — they are hardly operating normally.

Treasury bills, considered the safest assets around, remained in demand. The three-month Treasury bill on Thursday was yielding 0.25 percent, higher than 0.20 percent on Wednesday. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note, which moves opposite its price, fell to 3.97 percent from 3.98 percent late Wednesday.

The dollar was mixed against other major currencies.

Light, sweet crude for November delivery fell 49 cents to $74.05 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. On Wednesday, crude dropped $4.09 to settle at $74.54, the lowest closing level since Aug. 31, 2007.

The Dow Jones industrial average is down more than 500 points at the 8,800 level. Wall Street tumbled again today after a disappointing retail sales report offered fresh evidence that an intractable freeze in the credit markets since last month has caused cracks in the economy well beyond the banking sector.

In afternoon trading, the Dow Jones industrial average was down 509.50 to 8,801.40. Broader stock indicators also skidded. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 56.81, or 5.69 percent, to 941.20, and the Nasdaq composite index fell 85.61, or 4.81 percent, to 1,693.40.

The government’s report that retail sales plunged in September by 1.2 percent — almost double the 0.7 percent drop analysts expected — made it clear that consumers are hesitating to reach for their wallets as they worry about a shaky economy and a punishing stock market.

The Commerce Department report is sobering because consumer spending accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity. The reading comes as Wall Street is beginning to refocus its attention on the faltering economy following stepped up government efforts to revive the stagnant credit markets.

“Even though the banking sector may be returning to normal, the economy still isn’t. The economy continues to face a host of other problems,” said Doug Roberts, chief investment strategist at ChannelCapitalResearch.com. “We’re in for a tough ride.”

Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke offered a similar assessment, warning in a speech Wednesday that patching up the credit markets won’t provide an instantaneous jolt to the economy.

“Stabilization of the financial markets is a critical first step, but even if they stabilize as we hope they will, broader economic recovery will not happen right away,” he said in prepared remarks to the Economic Club of New York.

Analysts have warned that the market will see continued volatility as it tries to recover from the devastating losses of the last month, including the nearly 2,400-point plunge in the Dow over eight sessions. Such turbulence is typical after a huge decline, but the market’s uneasiness about the economy will also be reflected in the gyrations expected in the weeks and months ahead.

Doubts about the economy were already surfacing in Tuesday’s session, when investors halted an early rally and began collecting profits from stocks’ big Monday advance. Wednesday’s data confirmed the market’s fears that the economy is likely to remain weak for some time, and that corporate profits are likely to suffer.

Mark Coffelt, portfolio manager at Empiric Funds in Austin, Texas, said moves by European and U.S. government officials to begin investing directly in banks are easing worries about credit. But the steep pullback in stocks that began last month after the credit markets lurched to a near standstill has now created worries that consumers will spend less after seeing the value of their retirement accounts and other investments drop.

“Markets abhor uncertainty and so we got a lot of that resolved this weekend and we got the reward Monday but now people are saying ‘OK, now what is the economy going to do?’”

“We’re definitely going to get a slowdown from the terror of going through that,” Coffelt said.

Investors were digesting the first wave of third-quarter earnings reports, including those of two banks caught up in the mortgage mess. JPMorgan Chase & Co. reported an 84 percent slide in its third-quarter profit, offering further evidence of how the financial crisis is slamming the economy.

JPMorgan, which bought the assets of failed bank Washington Mutual Inc. late last month as a result of the mortgage bust, said the profit drop reflected losses on bad mortgage investments, leveraged loans and home loans. The quarter’s performance beat expectations, however.

Wells Fargo & Co., meanwhile, reported that its third-quarter profit fell 23 percent after it took hits on investments in troubled finance companies and increased its credit reserves. Still, results topped expectations. Wells Fargo is in the process of acquiring stricken Wachovia Corp.; Wells Fargo and JPMorgan, despite their own troubles, are regarded as among the nation’s strongest banks.

If Wednesday’s decline holds, the Dow will, after a one-day break, resume a string of triple-digit losses or gains. On Tuesday, after swinging erratically throughout the session, the blue-chip index closed the day down a moderate 76 points.

The stock market is trying to recover from last week’s terrible run, which erased about $2.4 trillion in shareholder wealth and brought the Dow to its lowest level since April 2003. The tumble occurred amid a seize-up in lending stemming from a lack of trust among institutions in response to the bankruptcy of investment bank Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and the failure of Washington Mutual Inc., which had been the nation’s largest thrift.

The credit markets have been showing tentative signs of recovery, though they remain strained, and demand for safe assets remains high. The three-month Treasury bill on Wednesday was yielding 0.33 percent, up from 0.30 percent on Tuesday. Overall yields remain low, showing that demand is so high that investors are willing to earn meager returns as long as their principal is preserved.

In other economic data Wednesday, the Labor Department said the producer price index, which measures inflation pressures before they reach the consumer, fell 0.4 percent in September, driven by lower energy costs. That decline matched analysts’ expectations.

Late Tuesday, Intel Corp., the world’s largest maker of PC microprocessors, beat analysts’ estimates and posted a third-quarter profit increase of 12 percent. Intel rose 16 cents to $15.77.

JPMorgan’s results topped forecasts but the problems seen in all types of loans, not just home equity debt but also prime mortgages and credit cards, is worrisome for the banking industry. The stock rose 37 cents to $41.08.

Wells Fargo rose $1.02, or 3 percent, to $34.54 after its report.

Light, sweet crude fell $3.88 to $75.07 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The dollar was mixed against other major currencies.

The drop in oil hit energy stocks. Exxon Mobil Corp. fell $6.46, or 8.9 percent, to $66. Chevron Corp. fell $5.87, or 8.6 percent, to $62.67.

Declining issues outnumbered advancers by about 6 to 1 on the New York Stock Exchange, where volume came to 689 million shares.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies fell 30.38, or 5.48 percent, to 524.27.

In Asian trading, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index lost nearly 5 percent after rising more than 13 percent the previous two days. Markets in Australia, South Korea, China, India and Singapore also sank. Japan’s Nikkei 225 index, however, ended up 1.1 percent after soaring 14 percent in the previous session.

In Europe, Britain’s FTSE 100 fell 7.08 percent, Germany’s DAX index fell 6.49 percent, and France’s CAC-40 fell 6.82 percent.

The Dow Jones industrial average jumped more than 300 points in early trading today on top of yesterday’s historic 936-point gain. Wall Street surged again today as investors reacted enthusiastically to the U.S. government’s plans to spend $250 billion to buy stock in private banks.

In the first half-hour of trading, the Dow Jones industrial average rose 295.73, or 3.15 percent, to 9,683.34 after jumping more than 377 points in the early going.

Broader stock indicators also rose. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index rose 40.69, or 4.06 percent, to 1,044.04 and the Nasdaq composite index rose 42.90, or 2.33 percent, to 1,877.15.

Investors had snapped up stocks Monday in anticipation of the government’s plan. President Bush said Tuesday the government will use a portion of the $700 billion bailout to inject capital into the nation’s major banks, which have been slammed by souring mortgage investments. The move follows a similar one announced Monday by European governments to invest about $2 trillion in their own troubled banks.

Investors are hoping extraordinary steps by government officials will help resuscitate stagnant credit markets.

The revised bailout plan differs from the original in that it aims to recapitalize banks, not just buy the troubled assets off their books at prices that could leave the banks with losses.

“This begins to penetrate the core of the problem,” said Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at New York-based brokerage house Avalon Partners Inc.

But, he said, “there will be a point in time where the euphoria of the bailout plan begins to wear off and the market begins to face reality. And that reality is likely to be a sour earnings season, and that the economy is in recession.”

While the markets are enjoying a big rebound, stock trading may see ongoing volatility in the weeks and months ahead. The Dow remains 33.7 percent below its Oct. 9, 2007 record close of 14,164.53, and could fluctuate around these levels for some time as investors wait for signs of stabilization in the slumping housing market and deteriorating job market.

The Dow Jones industrial average rebounded more than 500 points today as Wall Street snapped back from last week’s devastating losses after major governments announced further steps to support the global banking system, including plans by the U.S. Treasury to buy stocks of some banks. All the major indexes rose well over 6 percent.

The hope on the Street was that the market was finding a bottom after eight sessions of devastating losses that sent the Dow down nearly 2,400 points. But while a rebound had been expected at some point, Wall Street can expect to see volatile, back-and-forth trading in the coming days and weeks as investors work through their concerns about the banking sector, the stagnant credit markets and the overall economy.

But the market did appear to take heart when the Bush administration said it is moving quickly to implement its $700 billion rescue program, including consulting with law firms about the mechanics of buying ownership shares in a broad number of banks to help revive the stagnant credit markets and in turn get the economy moving again.

Neel Kashkari, the assistant Treasury secretary who is interim head of the program, said in a speech Monday officials were also developing guidelines to govern the purchase of soured mortgage-related assets. However, he gave few details about how the program will actually buy bad assets and bank stock.

Jim King, chief investment officer at National Penn Investors Trust Co., said the fear that took hold of the markets was overwrought.

“Our position is that the fundamental values never went away in the first place and that we have exceptional companies at fire sale prices,” he said.

Still, King cautioned that any market rebound likely will be choppy.

“Even if this is the beginning of a recovery we’re not just going to have up markets from here on in,” he said. “We’re not through the woods. We think there is collateral damage from this debacle.” King pointed to an increase in unemployment and nervousness among consumers that could, for example, hurt retailers and in turn, take stocks lower.

In late morning trading, the Dow Jones industrial average rose 525.68, or 6.22 percent, to 8,976.87.

Broader stock indicators also jumped. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index advanced 55.89, or 6.22 percent, to 955.11, and the Nasdaq composite index rose 104.57, or 6.34 percent, to 1,754.08.

Investors also reacted to word from the Bank of England that it would use up to $63 billion to help the three largest British banks strengthen their balance sheets.

The Bank of England, the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank also jointly announced plans to work together to provide as much short-term funding as necessary to help revive lending.

After a series of weekend meetings in Washington of heads of the Group of Seven nations, the gains in global markets signaled that investors found comfort from the actions and pledges coming from government officials.

The surge in stocks comes after a dismal week on Wall Street that erased an estimated $2.4 trillion in shareholder wealth. The Dow, after eight consecutive daily losses that totaled just under 2,400, or 22.1 percent, finished at its lowest level since April 2003, and also suffered its worst weekly percentage loss ever, a fall of 18.2 percent.

Meanwhile, the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq each lost 15.3 percent last week.

Investors have worried that banks’ reluctance to lend to one another would imperil economic activity by making it harder and more expensive for businesses and consumers to get a loan.

“Everybody is basically waiting on the decision on where they’re going to inject cash,” Dave Rovelli, managing director of U.S. equity trading at Canaccord Adams in New York. He said with the bond markets closed for the Columbus Day holiday, U.S. government officials are likely holding off on announcement of details about where it might invest money until all major global markets are open.

Rovelli said that a sustainable advance on Wall Street could prove elusive.

“Everybody knew that we were going to have an up day eventually,” he said, warning that the rally doesn’t necessarily signal an end of the market’s troubles.

Early Monday, Wall Street found some relief from Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group’s announcement that it closed on its $9 billion investment in Morgan Stanley a day earlier than expected. Morgan Stanley lost nearly 60 percent of its value last week as investors worried that the deal would fall apart. The agreement gives Morgan a much-needed injection of cash.

Morgan Stanley rose $5.44, or 56 percent, to $15.12.

The dollar was mixed against other major currencies, while gold prices fell.

Light, sweet crude rose $3.06 to $80.76 on the New York Mercantile Exchange after oil fell to its lowest level in 13 months last week.

Advancing issues outnumbered decliners by about 10 to 1 on the New York Stock Exchange, where volume came to 624.4 million shares.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies rose 25.78, or 4.94 percent, to 548.30.

Investors in Asia and Europe also grabbed stocks after last week’s rout and the weekend moves by governments to bolster investor confidence.

In Asia, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index surged 10.2 percent. Markets in Japan were closed for a holiday. In Europe, Britain’s FTSE 100 jumped 5.41 percent, Germany’s DAX index rose 9.93 percent, and France’s CAC-40 jumped 8.54 percent.

Bush spoke as leaders of the world’s top economies gathered in Washington amid frozen credit markets, panic selling in stock markets and a looming global recession.

The president noted that major Western countries were working together in an attempt to stabilize markets and end the spreading panic, including coordinated cuts in interest rates.

“Through these efforts, the world is sending an unmistakable signal. We’re in this together and we’ll come through this together,” Bush said.

Finance ministers and central bankers from the Group of Seven — the United States, Japan, Britain, Germany, France Italy and Canada — were here for a weekend meeting. Bush plans to meet with the leaders on Saturday.

Bush said he understood how Americans could be concerned about their economic future. “That anxiety can feed anxiety and that can make it hard to see all that’s being done to solve the problem,” he said.

But despite a relentless sell-off that has seen the Dow Jones industrials plunge 20 percent in the past seven trading days, Bush said, “We are a prosperous nation with immense resources and a wide range of tools at our disposal.”

The president said the new $700 billion rescue plan that he signed into law a week ago authorizes the Treasury Department to use a variety of measures to rebuild their balance sheets including “purchasing equity of financial institutions.”

It was the first time the president has mentioned suggestions that the government buy shares of banks, although it has been mentioned by other administration officials.

Since the bailout package was signed into law, the conversation about how it will be used has shifted from taxpayers buying troubled mortgages to taxpayers buying troubled banks. Or at least pieces of them.

Such a move would amount to a partial nationalization of the U.S. banking industry, a move once considered unthinkable.

The government is authorized under the law to buy “troubled assets.”

Those assets include mortgages, but according to the law, they may also include “any other financial instrument” that is “necessary to promote financial market stability … .”

It is the government’s position that this authority extends to bank stocks.

“The plan we are executing is aggressive. It is the right plan. It will take time to have its full impact. It is flexible enough to adapt as the situation changes. And it is big enough to work,” Bush said.

He also noted that the Federal Reserve has injected hundreds of billions into the system and with other central banks has made interest-rate cuts that should help thaw frozen credit markets and enable loans to flow again.

Government insurance on bank and credit union deposit accounts has been raised to $250,000 and the Treasury is offering insurance for the first time for money-market funds, he added.

“The federal government has a comprehensive strategy and the tools necessary to address the challenges in our economy,” Bush said.

While he sought to reassure Americans that the government is doing all it can, Bush also acknowledged mounting worry among people about their retirement and investment accounts.

Bush said his administration had launched initiatives that “have helped more than 2 million Americans stay in their homes.”

He also noted “rigorous enforcement” steps taken by the Securities and Exchange Commission to make sure that some investors don’t “take advantage of the crisis to illegally manipulate the stock market.”

Stock market volatility continued, with the Dow Jones industrials falling nearly 700 points soon after trading began, regaining all of that deficit to show an advance and then turning lower again.

“Over the past few days,” Bush said, “we have witnessed a startling drop in the stock market, much of it driven by uncertainty and fear. This has been a deeply unsettling period for the American people.”

Stocks plunged in the final hour of trading Thursday, sending the Dow Jones industrial average down more than 675 points, or more than 7 percent, to its lowest level in five years after a major credit ratings agency said it was considering cutting its rating on General Motors Corp.

The Standard & Poor’s 500 index also fell more than 7 percent.

The declines came on the anniversary of the closing highs of the Dow and the S&P. The Dow has lost 5,585 points, or 39 percent, since closing at 14,198 a year ago. The S&P 500, meanwhile, is off 655 points, or 42 percent, since recording its high of 1,565.15.

Thursday’s sell-off came as Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services put GM and its finance affiliate GMAC LLC under review to see if its rating should be cut. GM has been struggling with weak car sales in North America.

The action means there is a 50 percent chance that S&P will lower GM’s and GMAC’s ratings in the next three months.

S&P also put Ford Motor Co. on credit watch negative. The ratings agency said that GM and Ford have adequate liquidity now, but that could change in 2009.

GM led the Dow lower, falling $2.15, or 31 percent, to $4.76, while Ford fell 58 cents, or 22 percent, to $2.08.

“The story is getting to be like that movie Groundhog Day,” said Arthur Hogan, chief market analyst at Jefferies & Co. He pointed to the still-frozen credit markets, and Libor, the bank-to-bank lending rate that remains stubbornly high despite the Fed’s recent rate cut.

“Until that starts coming down, you’ll be hard-pressed to find anyone getting excited about stocks,” Hogan said. “Everything we’re seeing his historic. The problem is historic, the solutions are historic, and unfortunately, the sell-off is historic. It’s not the kind of history you want to be making.”

According to preliminary calculations, the Dow fell 678.91, or 7.3 percent, to 8,579.19. The blue chips hadn’t closed below the 9,000 level since the June 30, 2003.

Broader stock indicators also tumbled. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 75.02, or 7.6 percent, to 909.92, while the Nasdaq composite index fell 95.21, or 5.47 percent, to 1,645.12.

The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies fell 47.37, or 8.67 percent, to 499.20.

A wave of fear about the economy sent stocks lower late in the final two hours of trading after a volatile start to a day in which major indicators like the Dow and the S&P 500 index bobbed up and down. The Nasdaq, with a bevy of tech stocks, spent much of the session higher but eventually as the sell-off intensified. Still, its losses were less severe because of the relatively modest drops in names like Intel Corp. and Microsoft Corp.

On the New York Stock Exchange, declining issues came to nearly 3,000, while fewer than 250 advanced.

The sluggishness in the credit markets that triggered much of the heavy selling in markets around the world since mid-September appeared little changed Thursday following days of efforts by the Federal Reserve and other central banks to resuscitate lending.

Libor, the bank lending benchmark, for three-month dollar loans rose to 4.75 percent from 4.52 percent on Wednesday. That signals that banks remain hesitant to make loans for fear they won’t be paid back.

The Fed and other leading central banks this week lowered key interest rates to help unclog the credit markets and promote lending to help the global economy. While a rate cut can take up to a year to work its way through the economy, the move was aimed as a boost to investor sentiment.

“We’re stuck in a morass and I think it’s going to take quite some time to come out of it,” said Stephen Carl, principal and head of equity trading at The Williams Capital Group.

Demand remained high for short-term Treasurys, a refuge for investors willing to trade modest returns to protect their money. The yield on the three-month Treasury bill, which moves opposite its price, fell to 0.51 percent from 0.63 percent late Wednesday. Longer-term debt prices fell, with the yield on the 10-year note rising to 3.77 percent from 3.65 percent late Wednesday.

Investors across markets were mulling a plan being considered by the Bush administration to invest in hobbled U.S. banks as a way to stabilize the financial sector. The $700 billion rescue package signed into law last week allows the Treasury Department to inject fresh capital into financial institutions and obtain ownership shares in return.

Britain rolled out a similar plan, though no U.K. bank has received any investments. In Iceland, the government now has control of the country’s three major banks as it struggles to contain the troubles there.

Wall Street is also looking for any effects of short selling now that a three-week ban imposed by regulators has expired. Short selling is a technique in which investors borrow shares in a company from a broker and sell them, hoping to buy them back later at a lower price. Essentially, it’s a bet that a stock’s price will fall. Short sellers can lose money if they have to repurchase the stock after it has risen.

Some analysts believe the unprecedented ban on short selling — an effort to bolster investor confidence — did more harm than good at a time of historic market volatility. They contend that short sellers help the market rally by covering their bets and creating demand for stocks.

“I think the market’s way oversold. But I can’t stand in the way of this falling knife — I’d get sliced open,” said Phil Orlando, chief equity market strategist at Federated Investors. “Investors are just saying, get me out at any price.”

He also said that with the short-selling rule back in play, hedge funds might be shorting again to make up for their forced liquidations.

Volume on the NYSE came to 2.04 billion shares.

In Asia, Japan’s Nikkei 225 closed down 0.50 percent while the Hang Seng added 3.31 percent. In Europe, Britain’s FTSE-100 fell 1.21 percent, Germany’s DAX fell 2.53 percent, and France’s CAC-40 declined 1.55 percent.

The plan unveiled Tuesday calls for the Fed to buy the short-term debt that companies use to finance their day-to-day operations. That would help create demand in the credit market and make it easier for companies to raise money.

Investors who are still clamoring for an interest rate cut were relieved by the government’s new measure to help the economy. The credit markets seized up after the failure of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. Banks have been reluctant to lend to most customers, including other banks, fearing they won’t be repaid.

The Dow Jones industrials rose 49 points to the 10,005 level.

The catalyst for the selling was the growing realization that the Bush administration‘s $700 billion rescue plan and steps taken by other governments won’t work quickly to unfreeze the credit markets. Global banks, hobbled by wrong-way bets on mortgage securities, remain starved for cash as credit has dried up.

That sent stocks spiraling downward in the U.S., Europe and Asia, and drove investors to sink money into the relative safety of U.S. government debt. Fears about a global recession also caused oil to drop below $90 a barrel; and the benchmark index that gauges fear in the market jumped to the highest level in its 18-year history.

“The fact is people are scared and the only thing they’re doing is selling,” said Ryan Detrick, senior technical strategist at Schaeffer’s Investment Research. “Investors are cleaning out portfolios and getting rid of everything because nothing seems to be working.”

The selling was so extreme that only 67 stocks rose on the NYSE — and 3,155 dropped. That’s a telling sign considering the stock market is considered a leading economic indicator, with investors tending to buy and sell based on where they believe the economy will be in six to nine months.

Monday’s steep decline on Wall Street indicates that investors are becoming more convinced that the country is leading a prolonged economic crisis that is spreading to other nations. Over the weekend, governments across Europe rushed to prop up failing banks, while the governments of Germany, Ireland and Greece also said they would guarantee bank deposits.

As the U.S. tries to repair its battered banking system, the German government and financial industry agreed on a $68 billion bailout for commercial-property lender Hypo Real Estate Holding AG. And France’s BNP Paribas agreed to acquire a 75 percent stake in Fortis’s Belgium bank after a government rescue failed.

The Fed also took fresh steps to help ease credit markets. The central bank said Monday it will begin paying interest on commercial banks‘ reserves and will expand its loan program to squeezed banks.

Joseph V. Battipaglia, chief investment officer at Ryan Beck & Co., said government intervention certainly might help. However, he believes investors are sensing that what’s happening in the economy is a shift in the extent to which consumers and businesses take on debt, a change that will take years to play out.

“This is a global deleveraging of many economies,” he said. “It might appear that you’re going into the abyss where the economy grinds to a halt and the financial system goes into complete disarray. But, what the market is really reading here is that this is a global phenomenon, and when you delever like this, it is a process that takes a very long period of time measured in years, not quarters.”

That, he said, is being reflected in major stock indexes being repriced significantly lower. In late afternoon trading, the Dow Jones industrial average fell 800 points, then recovered slightly in erratic trading to a loss of 764.38, or 7.40 percent, to 9,561.00, dropping below 10,000 for the first time since Oct. 29, 2004. The Dow surpassed its previous record for a one-day point decline — 778, which the blue chips suffered a week ago when investors feared the bailout package might not pass Congress.